Applied Economics Education & Extension

an AAEA Journal

Agricultural and Applied Economics Association

Plant Breeders Have Key Role to Play in Enhancing Field Pea for the Plant-Based Ingredients Market

Kim Sanderson(a), Vitaliia Mishchenko(a), Sandro Steinbach(b), and Nicholas Tyack(a)
(a)University of Saskatchewan, bNorth Dakota State University

JEL Codes: O32, Q13, Q16
Keywords: gene editing, innovation in agri-food systems, plant-based food ingredients, plant breeding, supply chain coordination

First Published Online: April 25, 2026

View Full Article (PDF)

Abstract

Plant breeding is key to growing the pea-processing sector. Interviews with processors revealed that attributes that enhance processing efficiency and the functional value of pea ingredients are highly valued. Concerns included undesirable traits in some high-protein pea varieties and consumer response to the use of gene editing in breeding.

About the Authors: P. Kim Sanderson (Corresponding Author Email: kim.sanderson@usask.ca) is a Research Officer, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada. Vitaliia Mishchenko (v.mishchenko@usask.ca) is a Research Scientist, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada. Sandro Steinbach (sandro.steinbach@ndsu.edu) is an Associate Professor, Department of Agribusiness and Applied Economics, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND. Nicholas Tyack (nicholas.tyack@usask.ca) is the Van Vliet Assistant Professor of Agricultural Economics, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.omics, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.

Acknowledgments: Funding for this study as part of the “PeaCE: Pea Climate Efficient” project was provided by Genome Canada, Genome Alberta, Genome Prairie, Results Driven Agriculture Research, Sustainable Canadian Agricultural Partnership, Alberta Innovates, Agriculture Funding Consortium, Saskatchewan Pulse Growers, Alberta Pulse Growers, Western Grains Research Foundation, the Province of Saskatchewan, Corteva Agriscience, the National Research Council Canada, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, and PacBio. We additionally thank the processors and manufacturers who took the time to participate in the study.

Copyright is governed under Creative Commons CC BY-NC-SA

References

Adhikari, S., B.R. McFadden, T. Malone, and J.L. Lusk. 2025. “Plant-Based Versus Animal-Based Proteins: Does It Have to Be Either/Or?” Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 50(1):1–20. http://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.344678

Ahmad, A., A. Jamil, and N. Munawar. 2023. “GMOs or Non-GMOs? The CRISPR Conundrum.” Frontiers in Plant Science 14:1232938. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1232938

Asare, E.K., D. Bulani, T. LaForge, and V. Zhang. 2022. “Production Strategies Management to Minimize Root Rot Disease in Field Pea Grown on Infected Southwestern Saskatchewan Soils.” Journal of Plant Nutrition 45(19):3024–3044. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2021.2020821

Aschemann-Witzel, J., R.F. Gantriis, P. Fraga, and F.J. Perez-Cueto. 2021. “Plant-Based Food and Protein Trend from a Business Perspective: Markets, Consumers, and the Challenges and Opportunities in the Future.” Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 61(18):3119-3128. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2020.1793730

Bashi, Z., R. McCullough, L. Ong, and M. Ramirez. 2019. Alternative Proteins: The Race for Market Share is On. McKinsey & Company. Available online: https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/agriculture/our-insights/alternative-proteins-the-race-for-market-share-is-on

Boukid, F. 2021. “Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Protein as a Prospective Plant-Based Ingredient: A Review.” International Journal of Food Science and Technology 56(11):5435–5444. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.15046

Braun, V., and V. Clarke. 2006. “Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology.” Qualitative Research in Psychology 3(2):77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa

Byrne, B., and R. Dowdy. 2022, January 21. “Demand for Plant-Based Meat is Growing. We Must Ensure Our Supply Chain Can Keep Up.” The Good Food Institute. Available online: https://gfi.org/blog/meeting-plant-based-meat-demand/

Chenarides, L., J. Cuffey, W. Li, S. Zhao, and B. Adamo. 2025. “Consumer Spending on Plant-Based Meat Alternatives.” Choices 39(3):1–6. https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.352133

Der, T. 2024. “State of the Market: Pulses in Food, Pet Food and Feed.” Paper presented at the 2024 Pulse and Special Crops Convention, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, September 17–19.

Dhull, S.B., M.K. Kidwai, R. Noor, P. Chawla, and P.K. Rose. 2022. “A Review of Nutritional Profile and Processing of Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.).” Legume Science 4(3):e129. https://doi.org/10.1002/leg3.129

Ernst & Young, LLP. 2023. Global Market Forecast and Competitiveness Study for Canadian Plant-Based Proteins. Protein Industries Canada. Available online: https://www.proteinindustriescanada.ca/uploads/Market-Forecast-and-Competitiveness-Study-EY-for-Protein-Industries-Canada.pdf

Fu, Q., J. Zhao, S. Rong, Y. Han, F. Liu, Q. Chu, S. Wang, and S. Chen. 2023. “Research Advances in Plant Protein-Based Products: Protein Sources, Processing Technology, and Food Applications.” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 71(42):15429–15444. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.3c02224

Government of Canada, Canadian Grain Commission. 2025. Archive of Canadian Grain Exports (annual) [database]. Available online: https://www.grainscanada.gc.ca/en/grain-research/statistics/canadian-grain-exports-annual/ [Accessed May 21, 2025]

Hoehnel, A., E. Zannini, and E.K. Arendt. 2022. “Targeted Formulation of Plant-Based Protein-Foods: Supporting the Food System’s Transformation in the Context of Human Health, Environmental Sustainability and Consumer Trends.” Trends in Food Science & Technology 128:238–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2022.08.007

Hossain, S., G. Bergkvist, K. Berglund, A. Mårtensson, and P. Persson. 2012. “Aphanomyces Pea Root Rot Disease and Control with Special Reference to Impact of Brassicaceae Cover Crops.” Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B-Soil & Plant Science 62(6):477–487. https://doi.org/10.1080/09064710.2012.668218

Isleroglu, H. 2025. “Processing Technologies for Plant Protein Products.” In K. Younis and O. Yousuf, eds. The Future of Plant Protein. Springer, pp.121-162. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-4190-1_6

Lu, Z. X., J. F. He, Y. C. Zhang, and D. J. Bing. 2020. “Composition, Physicochemical Properties of Pea Protein and Its Application in Functional Foods.” Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 60(15):2593–2605. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2019.1651248

Mapfumo, E., D.S. Chanasyk, D. Puurveen, S. Elton, and S. Acharya. 2023. “Historic Climate Change Trends and Impacts on Crop Yields in Key Agricultural Areas of the Prairie Provinces in Canada: A Literature Review.” Canadian Journal of Plant Science 103(3):243–258. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2022-0215

Martineau-Côté, D., A. Achouri, S. Karboune, and L. L’Hocine. 2022. “Faba Bean: An Untapped Source of Quality Plant Proteins and Bioactives.” Nutrients 14(8):1541. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14081541

Moll, P., H. Salminen, O. Seitz, C. Schmitt, and J. Weiss. 2023. “Characterization of Soluble and Insoluble Fractions Obtained from a Commercial Pea Protein Isolate.” Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology 44(13):2417–2428. https://doi.org/10.1080/01932691.2022.2093214

Raszap Skorbiansky, S., and M. Saavoss. 2023. “Premiums for Plant-Based: Often About Twice as Much, but Declining.” Choices 36(4):1-11. https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.339582

Rogers, H., M. Dora, N. Tsolakis, and M. Kumar. 2024. “Plant-Based Food Supply Chains: Recognising Market Opportunities and Industry Challenges of Pea Protein.” Applied Food Research 4(2):100440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.afres.2024.100440

Sanderson, K., S. Steinbach, and N. Tyack. 2025. “A Report on Breeding Priorities for the High-value Pea Processing Sector in Western Canada (Extended Version).” Working paper. University of Saskatchewan, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics. https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.358976

Singh, R., A. Kadam, and F. Koksel. 2024. “Plant-Based Meat Alternatives: Innovation Through Advanced Processes and Ingredients.” In F. Boukid, C.M. Rosell, and N. Gasparre, eds. Handbook of Plant-Based Food and Drinks Design. Academic Press, pp. 117–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-16017-2.00012-7

Sharma, N., N. Yeasmen, L. Dube, and V. Orsat. 2024. “Rise of Plant-Based Beverages: A Consumer-Driven Perspective.” Food Reviews International 40(10):3315-3341. https://doi.org/10.1080/87559129.2024.2351920

Sprink, T., R. Wilhelm, and F. Hartung. 2022. “Genome Editing Around the Globe: An Update on Policies and Perceptions.” Plant Physiology 190(3):1579–1587. https://doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiac359

Statistics Canada. 2025. “Table 32-10-0359-01 Estimated Area, Yield, Production, Average Farm Price and Total Farm Value of Principal Field Crops, in Metric and Imperial Units.” [database]. Available online: https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/cv.action?pid=3210035901 [Accessed May 21, 2025]

Sun J., V. Caputo, and H. Taylor. 2025. “What Explains the Recent Slowing Growth of the Plant-Based Meat Alternatives Market?” Choices 40(3):1–15. https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.376317

Tachie, C., I.D. Nwachukwu, and A.N. Aryee. 2023. “Trends and Innovations in the Formulation of Plant-Based Foods.” Food Production, Processing and Nutrition 5(1):16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43014-023-00129-0

Tonsor, G.T., J.L. Lusk, and T.C. Schroeder. 2023. “Market Potential of New Plant‐Based Protein Alternatives: Insights from Four US Consumer Experiments.” Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy 45(1):164–181. https://doi.org/10.1002/aepp.13253

Vora, Z., J. Pandya, C. Sangh, and P. R. Vaikuntapu. 2023. “The Evolving Landscape of Global Regulations on Genome-Edited Crops.” Journal of Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology 32(4):831–845.https://doi.org/10.1007/s13562-023-00863-z

Watson, E. 2023, March 16. “Israeli Startup Deploys CRISPR to ‘Virtually Eliminate’ Bitter-Tasting Saponins in Yellow Peas.” AgFunder Newsletter. Available online: https://agfundernews.com/plantae-bioscience-deploys-crispr-to-eliminate-bitter-taste-in-yellow‑peas


Additional Research: This article is also linked with the following materials: A Report on Breeding Priorities for the High-Value Pea Processing Sector in Western Canada; Research Note: Breeding Priorities for the High-Value Pea Processing Sector; and A Report on Breeding Priorities for the High-Value Pea Processing Sector in Western Canada (Extended Version).