Reference Guidelines
References must follow AEEE reference guidelines, which can be found on the AEEE website under submission guidelines. The Editors will ask authors to revise their reference sections if these guidelines are not observed.
Citation Guidelines
- Parenthetical citations should include the author(s)’ name(s), followed by the year of publication (Johnson 1992).
- Separate multiple parenthetical citations using semicolons (e.g., Johnson 1992; Bekkerman 2003).
- Use “et al.” (no italics, note punctuation) for in-text citations with three or more authors (Smith et al. 2007). For sources with two or fewer authors, write out all of the author(s)’ names in the citation.
- When listing two or more citations parenthetically, order them chronologically. For works published in the same year, order them alphabetically by author (e.g., “Jones and Perkins 1996; Kader et al. 2001; Smith 2001)”).
- When one author or set of authors has more than one publication in a year, use “a,” “b,” “c,” etc. to distinguish (e.g., “USDA 2017a,” “USDA 2017b”, “USDA 2017a,b,” “Johnson 1996b”).
- Quotations must reproduce the original text exactly and include a page number where possible (e.g., Barnes 2025, p. 9). Retain original misspellings and follow them with “[sic]”; indicate added emphasis with “[emphasis added].”
- To meet website content accessibility requirements, website addresses can be hyperlinked within the text of your article. Do not put URLs in the text of an article. For example, if you directly refer to a website by name, create a hyperlink for the website attached to the website name in the text (e.g. Google). Hyperlinks should in the default color of blue and be underlined. In addition, you should cite web sites in the reference section when appropriate.
Reference Guidelines
- All references in the reference list must be cited in the text.
- Where available, DOIs (digital object identifiers) MUST be included in the reference list. Where DOIs are not available, a stable URL is acceptable, if available.
- Do not place references in a text box.
- Each reference uses 12-point Times New Roman font, double-spaced, half-inch hanging indent, left-aligned (ragged right).
- References use authors’ initials rather than full names. Do not include spaces between initials.
- Up to six authors may be listed in a bibliography or reference list entry; if more than seven, list the first six, followed by “et al.”
- The reference list should be ordered alphabetically (not chronologically) by authors’ last names. In cases where two or more references have identical authors, these should be ordered chronologically.
- Include month and/or date information only for periodicals (magazines, newspapers, blogs). Use year only for books, journals, and reports.
- All titles should use title case (also called headline case). Refer to the Chicago Manual of Style, 18th edition, sections 8.160–8.162 for details.
- Include issue numbers when journals paginate each issue separately. For journals with continuous pagination across a volume, issue numbers are optional but preferred.
- Authors are responsible for verifying all references, including that all web addresses are accurate and active.
- Citing a working paper is acceptable only if it includes the information required to publicly access it.
- Inclusive page numbers for each reference should be given. In cases where page numbers are not available, electronic article number should be given if available.
- Where a web address does not refer to a PDF, include an access date.
Examples
Book with 1 author
Black, J.D. 1929. Agricultural Reform in the United States. McGraw Hill.
Book with 2 authors
Wold, H., and L. Jureen. 1989. Demand Analysis, 3rd ed. Macmillan.
Book with 3 authors
Cramer, G.L., C.W. Jensen, and D.D. Southgate Jr. 2001. Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness, 8th ed. Wiley.
Author and editor
Timmer, C.P. 1975. The Impact of Price. George Tolley, ed. Ballinger.
Editor as author
Harriss, C.L., ed. 1975. The Good Earth of America. Prentice-Hall.
Book chapter
Sjaastad, L. 1971. “Occupational Structure and Migration Patterns.” In E.O. Heady, ed. Labor Mobility and Population in Agriculture. Iowa State University Press, pp. 8–27.
Article in a journal that numbers pages consecutively throughout the year
Ezekiel, M. 1929. “A Statistical Examination of the Problem of Handling Annual Surpluses of Nonperishable Farm Products.” Journal of Farm Economics 11:193–226. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1230429
Article in a journal that uses an issue number rather than a volume number or article in a journal that begins numbering at p. 1 in each issue
Calcott, P., and M. Walls. 2000. “Can Downstream Waste Disposal Policies Encourage Upstream ‘Design for Environment’?” American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings 90(2):233–237. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.90.2.233
Porter, M.E., and M. Sakakibara. 2004. “Competition in Japan.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 18(1):27–50. https://doi.org/10.1257/089533004773563421
Yohe, G., J. Neumann, and H. Ameden. 1995. “Assessing the Economic Cost of Greenhouse-Induced Sea Level Rise: Methods and Application in Support of a National Survey.” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 29(3, Part 2):S78–S97. https://doi.org/10.1006/jeem.1995.1062
Forthcoming article
Swallow, S.K., and M.J. Mazzotta. 2004. “Assessing Public Priorities for Experiment Station Research: Contingent Value and Public Preferences for Agricultural Research.” American Journal of Agricultural Economics. Forthcoming. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0002-9092.2004.00647.x
Two or more references by the same author or authors should be listed chronologically. If the author name(s) appear exactly the same in the following instance(s), use a 3-em dash(———.) followed by the year.
Goldberger, A.S. 1959. Impact Multiplier and Dynamic Properties of the Klein-Goldberger Model. North-Holland.
———. 1964. Econometric Theory. Wiley.
Horan, R.D., J.S. Shortle, and D.G. Abler. 1999. “Green Payments for Nonpoint Pollution Control.” American Journal of Agricultural Economics 81:1210–1215. https://doi.org/10.2307/1244109
———. 2004. “The Coordination and Design of Point-Nonpoint Trading Programs and Agri-Environmental Policies.” Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 33(1):61–78. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1068280500005645
Conference proceeding or paper delivered at a meeting
Lim, K.H., and W. Hu. 2013. “How Local Is Local? Consumer Preference for Steaks with Different Food Mile Implications.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Southern Agricultural Economics Association, Orlando, FL, February 3–5. https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.142828
Article in a popular magazine
Prufer, O. 1964, December. “The Hopewell Cult.” Scientific American, 90–102.
Newspaper article with named author
Kantchev, G., and D. Chopping. 2023, July 24. “Where Heat Waves Lead, Food Inflation Will Follow.” The Wall Street Journal. Available online: https://www.wsj.com/articles/where-heat-waves-lead-food-inflation-will-follow-ee6a32c
Newspaper article without named author
Washington Post. 2000, January 15. “Russians Unveil New Security Plans.”
Blog post
Martin, P.L. 2020, March 17. “Overtime and California Farm Workers.” Rural Migration News. Available online: https://migration.ucdavis.edu/rmn/blog/post/?id=2401
Norland, E. 2022, May 26. “Crop Prices and Inflation: What Is the Relationship?” CME Group. Available online: https://www.cmegroup.com/insights/economic-research/2022/crop-prices-and-inflation-what-is-the-relationship.html
University bulletin or report
Bucholz, H.E., G.G. Judge, and V.I. West. 1962. A Summary of Estimated Behavior Relations for Agricultural Products in the United States. University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Department of Agricultural Economics, AERR-57.
Heady, E.O., D. McKee, and C.B. Haver. 1955. Farm Size Adjustments in Iowa and Cost Economies in Crop Production for Farms of Different Sizes. Iowa State University Agricultural Experimental Station, Research Bulletin 428.
Working paper
Fishbourne, N., and B. Geagh. 1974. “Food Policies and Social Supply.” Working paper. University of California, Davis, Department of Agricultural Economics.
Thesis or dissertation
Kuranchie, P.A. 1971. “Cost and Returns to Selected Crops in Ghana.” MS Thesis. University of Ghana.
Wells, J.C. 1964. “An Appraisal of Agricultural Investments in the 1962-63 Nigerian Development Program.” PhD Dissertation. University of Michigan.
USDA publication with named author
Brown, L.R. 1965. Increasing World Food Output: Problems and Prospects. USDA Economic, Statistics and Cooperatives Services, Foreign Agricultural Economics Report 25.
Edin, K., M. Boyd, J. Mabli, J. Ohls, J. Worthington, S. Greene et al. 2013. SNAP Food Security In-Depth Interview Study. Family Programs Report. USDA Food and Nutrition Service, Office of Research and Analysis. Available online: https://www.fns.usda.gov/snap-food-security-depth-interview-study
USDA publication without named author
US Department of Agriculture Economic, Statistics and Cooperatives Services (USDA-ESCS). 1965. Changes in Agriculture in 26 Developing Nations, 1948–1963. Foreign Agricultural Economics Report FAER-27.
Publication by another government agency
Cowan, T., and J. Feder. 2008. The Pigford Case: USDA Settlement of a Discrimination Suit by Black Farmers. Congressional Research Service Report for Congress RS20430.
US Bureau of the Census. 1966. 1964 United States Census of Agriculture, Preliminary Report.
Congressional act
US Congress. 1951. An Act to Amend the Agricultural Act of 1949. P.L. 78, 65 STAT, Title V: Agricultural Workers, 119. 82nd Congress. Available online: https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-65/pdf/STATUTE-65-Pg119.pdf
State legislature act
Maine Legislature. 2021. Legislative Document 1022: An Act to Make Agricultural Workers and Other Workers Employees under the Wage and Hour Laws. H.P. 760. Available online: https://legislature.maine.gov/legis/bills/getPDF.asp?paper=HP0760&item=1&snum=130
Other congressional publication
US Congress, House of Representatives, Task Force on Federal Flood Control. 1966. A Unified National Program for Managing Flood Losses. House Document 465, 89th Congress.
US Congress, Senate Commission on Commerce. 1964, January 9. Conversion to the Metric System: Hearings on S1278. 88th Congress.
Publication by foreign government or agency
Ghana, Republic of, Central Bureau of Statistics. 1962. Economic Survey, 1961. Government Printing Department.
Nongovernment report or publication
Haynes, M. 2009. Farm-to-School in Central Minnesota. Region Five Development Commission, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities Applied Economics Department. Available online: http://www.regionfive.org/cms/files/Farm to School in Central MN -- Applied Economic Analysis.pdf
Martin, P.L. 2017. Immigration and Farm Labor: Challenges and Opportunities. Giannini Foundation Information Series 017-1. Available online: https://s.giannini.ucop.edu/uploads/giannini_public/dd/d9/ddd90bf0-2bf0-41ea-bc29-28c5e4e9b049/immigration_and_farm_labor_-_philip_martin.pdf
Data Databases are dynamic query systems; datasets are static, downloadable files. Label accordingly using [database] or [data file]. Use quotation marks for discrete datasets or titled data products; italicize database platform or system names. Access date must be included when referencing data sources.
Eurostat. 2025. International Trade in Goods Database. Available online: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/international-trade-in-goods/database [Accessed February 22, 2025]
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. 2024. “Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: Food (CPIUFDSL)” [data file]. FRED Economic Data. Available online: https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/CPIUFDSL [Accessed June 26, 2024]
Pew Hispanic Center. 2008. “2007 Hispanic Healthcare Survey” [data file]. Available online: http://pewhispanic.org/datasets/ [Accessed March 23, 2009]
US Department of Agriculture Foreign Agricultural Service (USDA-FAS). 2025. GATS: Global Agricultural Trade System [database]. Available online: https://apps.fas.usda.gov/gats/default.aspx [Accessed January 3, 2025]
WebsitesFor websites, if no date is available, use year of last update or access.
Saveur. 2014. “2013 Best Food Blog Award Winners.” Available online: http://www.saveur.com/article/blog/2013-Best-Food-Blog-Awards-Winners
Society for Human Resource Management. 2019. “Understanding Overtime Exemptions under the FLSA.” Available online: https://www.shrm.org/resourcesandtools/tools-and-samples/toolkits/pages/understanding-overtime-exemptions-.aspx
US Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service (USDA-ERS). 2024. “Food Dollar Series” [data file]. Available online: https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/food-dollar-series/
Updated March 2026
